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Risk and time preferences: linking experimental and household survey data from Vietnam. Projections of precipitation and temperature over the South Asian countries in CMIP6. Risk aversion and certification: evidence from the Nepali tea fields.
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Push and Pull: A Study of International Migration from Nepal Working Paper 7965 (World Bank Group, 2017). Costs and returns of grain and vegetable crop production in Nepal’s Mid-Western Development Region. Chitwan Valley Family Study: Labour Outmigration, Agricultural Productivity and Food Security, Nepal, 2015–2017 (DSDR, 2021) Climate change and agriculture in South Asia: adaptation options in smallholder production systems. National Population and Housing Census (Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission Secretariat Central Bureau of Statistics, 2011) Īryal, J. Pattern-oriented modeling of agent-based complex systems: lessons from ecology.
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The New Economics of Labour Migration and the role of remittances in the migration process. Theories of international migration: a review and appraisal. Agent-based modeling of environment-migration linkages: a review. Decision-making in agent-based models of migration: state of the art and challenges. Choosing the choice: reflections on modelling decisions and behavior in demographic agent-based models. The economic interaction between climate change mitigation, climate migration, and poverty. Natural disasters and population mobility in Bangladesh. How insurance can support climate resilience. Financial instruments for disaster risk management and climate change adaptation. Successful adaptation to climate change across scales. A meta-analysis of country-level studies on environmental change and migration. Hoffmann, R., Dimitrova, A., Muttarak, R., Cuaresma, J. Migration and Global Environmental Change: Future Challenges and Opportunities (The Government Office for Science, 2011) Nonlinear permanent migration response to climatic variations but minimal response to disasters. Migration as an adaptation to climate change. Accelerated dryland expansion under climate change. While specific results depend on contextual factors such as risk preferences and climate risk exposure, these interventions are robust in improving adaptation outcomes and alleviating immobility, by addressing the intersection of risk aversion, financial constraints and climate impacts. Pairing a small cash transfer with risk transfer mechanisms significantly increases the adoption of migration and cash crops, improves community incomes and reduces community inequality. Here we use an agent-based model to show that in a South Asian agricultural community experiencing a 1.5 oC temperature increase by 2050, climate impacts are likely to decrease household income in 2050 by an average of 28%, with fewer households investing in both economic migration and cash crops, relative to a stationary climate. However, empirical evidence is inconclusive regarding how increased climate stress affects smallholder farmers’ deployment of various livelihood strategies, including rural–urban migration. Climate change is anticipated to impact smallholder farmer livelihoods substantially.